| Type | Advocacy group |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1968[1] |
| Location | Newton, Massachusetts |
| Area served | United States |
| Method | Media attention, direct-appeal campaigns |
| Dissolved | 1992[2] |
Action for Children's Television (ACT) was founded by Peggy Charren and Judy Chalfen in Newton, Massachusetts in 1968 as a grassroots organization dedicated to improving the quality of television programming offered to children.[3][4] ACT had up to 20,000 volunteer members and an operational budget of almost a half a million dollars before disbanding in 1992.[5][6]
Contents |
Co-founder Peggy Charren commented in 1995 that "Too often, we try to protect children by doing in free speech".[7]
ACT's initial focus was the Boston station WHDH's Romper Room, a children's show which promoted its toy products to its viewers. When ACT threatened to complain to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), WHDH scaled back the host's role in product promotion.
In 1970, ACT petitioned the FCC to ban advertising from children's programming. In subsequent years, it sought a more limited prohibition, eliminating commercials for specific categories of products. In 1971, ACT challenged the promotion of vitamins to children. "One-third of the commercials were for vitamin pills, even though the bottles said, 'Keep out of reach of children' because an overdose could put them in a coma," said Charren. Responding to ACT's campaign, vitamin-makers voluntarily withdrew their advertising.
In 1973, responding to concerns raised by ACT, the National Association of Broadcasters adopted a revised code limiting commercial time in children's programming to twelve minutes per hour. Additionally, the hosts of children's television programs were prohibited from appearing in commercials aimed at children.
In 1977, ACT, together with the Center for Science in the Public Interest, petitioned the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to ban television advertising targeted at children too young to understand the concept of selling, as well as advertising for high-sugar foods pitched at older children.
In the 1980s, ACT criticized television programs that featured popular toys such as G. I. Joe and He-Man, saying that they "blur the distinction between program content and commercial speech," and successfully barring Garbage Pail Kids from the air. It also opposed the proposed introduction of Channel One News, a television news show featuring advertiser-based programming, into the schools, an effort which met with only limited success.
ACT brought many cases before the courts, including "Action for Children's Television v. FCC, 821 F.2d 741 (D.C. Cir. 1987)", often cited in media law.[8]
ACT's efforts culminated in the passage of the Children's Television Act of 1990, establishing formal guidelines for children's programming, including rules governing advertising, content and quantity.[9][10][11] In 1992, Charren disbanded ACT, declaring that the organization had met its objectives.
Some television critics accused Action for Children's Television of being pro-censorship and undermining funding for children's programming.